Mathematical modelling of formation process for multi-layer 3D structure produced by additive method using arc heat sources
Main Article Content
Abstract
The results of modelling of temperature fields, kinetics of deposition of layers of dissimilar metals and nature of structural transformations in formation of multi-layer structure of 17G1S and 30KhGS steels are presented. Computer modelling was performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software package. The work takes into account effect of temperature on thermal and physical parameters of steels. To increase productivity of additive process the work has studied simultaneous effect of 3 arcs on process of deposit formation, kinetics of structural transformations and diffusion processes of alloying elements redistribution. The calculations show that preheating of the substrate by arc in the beginning of the process before application of deposited material is necessary in order to decrease a stress level between additive deposit and substrate to 50 MPa. It is shown that the time of passing between neighbor arc heat sources shall be kept in 5- 30 s range. It is determined that low power of arc (1 kW) mainly provokes formation of ferrite-bainite structure in the deposit, portion of bainite in which makes 71 %, ferrite 28% and martensite ~ 1%. Application of larger power arc (5 kW) forms in the deposit bainite-martensite structure, portion of bainite in which makes ~ 50%, portion of martensite rises up to 40% and that of ferrite to 10%. Increase of arc power results in rise of maximum temperature of liquid pool to 1750-1850 °C, growth of cooling rate to 15 25 °C/s , and, as a consequence, increase of martensite portion in the structure of deposited layers.
Downloads
Article Details
Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Welding Technology Review (WTR) articles are published open access under a CC BY licence (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence). The CC BY licence is the most open licence available and considered the industry 'gold standard' for open access; it is also preferred by many funders. This licence allows readers to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to alter, transform, or build upon the material, including for commercial use, providing the original author is credited.
References
J. Coykendall, M. Cotteleer, J. Holdowsky and M. Mahto:‘3D opportunity in aerospace and defense: additive manufacturing takes flight ‘A Deloitte series on additive manufacturing, 1; 2014,Westlake, TX, Deloitte University Press.
Grigorenko G. M., Shapovalov V. A., Zhukov V. V. Additive manufacturing of metal products (Review), The Paton Welding Journal No. 5-6, 2016, p. 148-153.
M. Cotteleer and J. Joyce: ‘3D opportunity additive manufacturing paths to performance, innovation, and growth, Deloitte Rev., 2014, 14.
Kaufui V.Wong and Aldo Hernandez. A Review of Additive Manufacturing// International Scholarly Research Network - Mechanical Engineering, 2012, Vol. 2012, Article ID 208760, 10 pages, doi:10.5402/2012/208760.
V.R. Dave, J. E. Matz, T.W. Eagar / Electron Beam Solid Freeform Fabrication of Metal Parts // Proc. of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symp., Univ. of TX, Austin, TX, 1995, pp. 64-70.
Jandric, Z., Labudovic, M., Kovacevic, R. / Effect of heat sink on microstructure of three-dimensional parts built by welding-based deposition // International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 44(78), (2004), pp785796.
R. Acheson: ‘Automatic welding apparatus for weld build-up and method of achieving weld build-up; US patent no. 4 952 769 1990.
Shapovalov V. A., Grigorenko G. M. Control of metal structure in process of solidification. Advanced Electrometallurgy, No. 2,- 2015, p. 51-54.
Gururaja Udupa S. Shrikantha Rao, K.V.Gangadharan Functionally Graded Composite Materials: An Overview //Procedia Materials Science, Vol.5,2014, P. 1291-1299.
Mahamood, R.M., Akinlabi, E.T.: Laser-metal deposition of functionally graded Ti6Al4V/TiC. Mater. Des. 84, 402410 (2015).
Ales Kroupa Modelling of phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties using Calphad method Development of thermodynamic databases// Computational Materials Science Volume 66, January 2013, Pages 3-13,
https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.commatsci.2012.02.003
https://www.comsol.com/comsol-multiphysics
Kostin V. A., Grigorenko G. M., Peculiarities of formation of structure of 3D part of steel S460M in additive metallurgical technology. Advanced Electrometallurgy, No.3 (128), 2017, p.33-42.
Paton B. E. Investigations and developments of E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute for modern power engineering. Technical diagnostics and non-destructive testing, No.1, 2014, p.3-11.
Kostin V. A., Grigorenko G. M., Zhukov V. V. Modelling of metallurgical additive process of development of structures from 09G2S steel. Advanced Electrometallurgy, No.2 (127), 2017, p.35-44.
Blanter M. E. Phase transformations during thermal treatment of steels, Moscow, GNTIL on ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, 1962, p. 268